Battle of Empress Augusta Bay in World War II

Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, And Job...

The three variables that will best predict job attitudes at Walden Sports are job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job involvement. Reasons for selecting the variables and relationship between the variables and job attitude These variables were selected because they have a direct impact on job attitude. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job involvement are the determinants of how an individual perceives, feels and believes about a certain job; however, there is a relationship between job attitude and these variables. Job satisfaction relates hand-in-hand with job attitude since the individuals content level on the job makes him/her have a positive or negative feeling about the job by either liking or disliking†¦show more content†¦The nine dimensions include salary benefits, colleagues’ interaction, career growth and development, workloads, the mode of communication, the working schedules and procedures (Clay-Warner, Reynolds, Roman, 2005). Job involvement Scale (JIS) – usually involves measuring the level of employee’s involvement in their specified duties. It is always noted that high performers have high levels of job involvements and that is what is expected in Walden sports. High job involvement is directly proportional to job satisfaction. The Meyer Allen Instrument – this instrument was the best fit to measure the organization commitment because it depends on job involvement and job satisfaction. This data will help the Walden Sports to determine the level of loyalty they have for their employees. An example item and scale anchors Do you feel you are part of Walden Sports organization? Strongly disagree †¢ Moderately disagree †¢ Slightly disagree †¢ Neither agree nor disagree †¢ Slightly agree †¢ Moderately agree †¢ Strongly agree †¢ The scale anchors utilized to score the instrument are; Points 1 = strongly disagree 2 = moderately disagree 3 = slightly disagree 4 = neither agree nor disagree 5 = slightly agree 6 = moderately agree 7 = strongly agree The Psychometric Properties of the Instrument. The psychometric qualityShow MoreRelatedTypes of Attitude1169 Words   |  5 Pagescom/homework-help/Organizational+Behavior/Personality-Attitudes) Types of Attitudes An individual may have a number of attitudes regarding different aspects of life, but the field of OB focuses only on the study of job-related attitudes. OB specifically focuses on three attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment Job satisfaction In the field of OB, job satisfaction is one of the most important and widely studied attitudes. Job satisfaction refers to an individualRead MoreWhat Is Organisational Commitment And Why It Is Important?1240 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisational commitment and why it is important? The adopted definition for this study corresponds with definitions by Meyer and Allen (1991, p 67) (Allen, 1991)mentioned above. According to this definition organisational commitment â€Å"is a psychological state that characterises the employee’s relationship with the organisation, and has implications for the decision to continue membership in the organisation†. The second characteristic that is used to describe the concept organisational commitment is behaviourRead MoreJob Involvement Is A Core Component Of Someone s Contentment With Life1149 Words   |  5 Pagesattitude towards an organization is the job involvement. It is the extent to which employees identify with their job, become active in it, and take it as a core of their self-worth (Steers, 1981). Job involvement contributes to employees having the perception of self-worth. It also increases the desire of employees to be physically and psychologically being in their work to forestall for promising job outcomes. According to Rabinovitz and Hall (1977), job involvement is a core component of someone’s contentmentRead MoreChallenges and Opportunities for Ob1613 Words   |  7 PagesORB PQ Chapter 3 : Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 1. Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude? a. Attitudes indicate how one will react to a given event. b. Attitudes are the yardstick by which one measures one’s actions. c. Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of some person, object or event. d. Attitudes are evaluative statements concerning objects, people or events e. Attitudes are a measure of how theRead MoreJob Satisfaction At Walden Sport1406 Words   |  6 PagesJob Attitude Is defined as the way an individual behaves and perceives things and the output he delivers in the job he/she is assigned. This affects his/her production which ultimately determines the organization s success (Brooke, Russell, Price, 1988). According to the success of an individual, attitude is directly proportional to his/her effectiveness. The attitude and perception employees approach their work with is the same determinant of their maximum output. Attitude can also be manipulatedRead MoreThe Effect Of Job Rotation And Role Stress Among Nurses On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment1748 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Effects Of Job Rotation And Role Stress Among Nurses On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment†, conducted a field study and the purpose of study was to inspect how role stress among nurses could affect their organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and if the job rotation system might encourage nurses to recognize, relate to and share the vision of the organization, it will result in enhancing their job satisfaction and stimulating them to be motivated and remain in their jobs and provideRead MoreDefinition Of Employee Job Satisfaction Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of employee job satisfaction in different approaches; and there are many studies varied in the d efining the term job satisfaction. The people who work in the organizations and people who study in this area both are interested to study of Job satisfaction. The terms Job Satisfaction refers â€Å"an individual’s general attitude toward one job’s† [Stephenson P. Robbins, 2005] Job satisfaction is psychological aspects that deals with individual feelings about to his or her jobs [Spector 1997]. ThatRead MoreThe Air Force Job Dissatisfaction946 Words   |  4 Pagesperson has their own reason to enlist into the military. What I have found since enlisting in the Air Force job dissatisfaction is a huge problem in my unit. I have just recently reached my 3-year mark that I have been assigned to this unit and since the day I reported into the unit I have encountered both types of people, enthused/content about their job and the opposite people who hate their job and want to get out as soon as possible. ï  ¡Good points Each person has their own story and why theyRead MoreThe Importance Of Commitment For Recruiting And Retaining Child Welfare Workers Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesCommitment is frequently associated with an exchange relationship. From the employees’ perspective, they commit to an organization in return for certain rewards that can be extrinsic (pay) or intrinsic (belonging, job satisfaction) (Meyer Allen, 1990). Barbee et al., (2009) studied commitment for recruiting and retaining child welfare workers. The commitment contained multiple dimensions of employee commitment. Individuals in a work setting can concurrently experience varying degrees of commitmentRead MoreOrganizational Socialization and Job Satisfaction1519 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Socialization and Job Satisfaction (intoduction) Job satisfaction Job satisfaction is the way a person feels about his or her job (Jex amp; Britt, 2008). Job satisfaction is also the attitude a person possesses towards his or her job. A person may feel like his or her job is demanding, interesting, rewarding, or outright stressful, and demeaning. A person who is happy with his or her job demonstrates a positive attitude about the job. Several factors play a key role in how a person

Nursing Emergencies Free Essays

You are an RN (Registered Nurse), and driving on a parkway. You see an automobile collision with serious injury. Should you stop and perform first aid? Yes, as a registered nurse and as a human being, I am obliged to stop and perform first aid should I see an automobile collision with serious injury. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Emergencies or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, registered nurses (RNs), regardless of specialty or work setting, perform basic duties that include treating patients, educating patients and the public about various medical conditions, and providing advice and emotional support to patients’ family members. This definition shows that there is also the public included among the responsibilities of registered nurses. Nurses have for many years been awarded the top ranking in opinion polls about which occupations are most trusted by the general public. Some people might opine that nursing duties only relate to clinical settings and they tend to focus only nurse-patient relationship. Duties of the nurse exist only within the parameters of the hospital. Some might even argue that such intervention in roadside emergencies can get a nurse into legal complications. But then, nursing is a profession that the public depend on for support and care especially in emergency situations. Historically, nurses have been associated with emergency responses. In early times, even though nurses were not as much educated and trained as the nurses of today, they offered their nursing services with great dedication and motivation. They were known for their self-sacrificing nature and offering a human touch that says â€Å"I care.† Nursing history is replete with examples of nurses who have knowingly incurred great risk in order to care for those in need of nursing or to contribute to the advancement of health science. In the United States, the Civil War is cited regularly for the role of volunteer nurses and for the stimulus it gave Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross, which she eventually accomplished in 1881 (Williams, 2003). That humane touch has been characteristic of the nursing profession. The first plank of the Code for Nurses states â€Å"The nurse provides services with respect for human dignity and the uniqueness of the client, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.† This central axiom of respect for persons directs the profession (ANA, 1994). The nurse is not at liberty to abandon those in need of nursing care. According to Gebbie and Qureshi (2006), â€Å"The fundamental goal of nursing, to assist individuals to their highest possible level of functioning in the face of health and illness challenges, is never more needed than under emergency conditions†. This means, a registered nurse is obligated to attend to the wounded person in a roadside emergency. According to the Code for Nurses, nurses may morally refuse to participate in care, but only on the grounds of either client advocacy or moral objection to a specific type of intervention. As applied to nursing, a moral obligation exists for the nurse if the following four criteria are present: The client is at significant risk of harm, loss, or damage if the nurse does not assist; The nurse’s intervention or care is directly relevant to preventing harm; The nurse’s care will probably prevent harm, loss, or damage to the client; The benefit the client will gain outweighs any harm the nurse might incur and does not present more than an acceptable risk to the nurse (ANA, 2006). In the case of the roadside accident, the victims need to be attended to by a healthcare professional. Prompt medical attention by the RN can make a difference between life and death. Moreover, there is no personal risk. Hence there is a moral obligation on the part of the nurse to attend to the victims. Society has come to rely on nursing and to expect that it will rise to the health demands of virtually any occasion. The only problem registered nurses encounter during such roadside interventions is that they may be forced to take decisions beyond those they are qualified for. But then, they can be protected by the Good Samaritan Doctrine which is a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for ‘wrongdoing.’ The purpose of this doctrine is to prevent people from refusing to help for fear of legal repercussions if they make mistakes in treatment (Neumann, 2005). The practice of the professional nurse extends beyond the confines of the immediate setting where the nurse practices to the broader environment (AU, 2006). According to a survey of many nurses all respondents claimed to have medical assistance and would do so again, but about half of them would not do so unconditionally. However, no respondent has experienced legal complications from providing medical help though they had â€Å"heard† or â€Å"read† of such cases. Thus, it is the moral obligation of a registered nurse to help any accident victim in an emergency situation. Critique of Journal Article: Gebbie, K., Qureshi, K. in the article titled â€Å"A Historical Challenge: Nurses and Emergencies† (September 30, 2006) reviews the beginning of emergency nursing as a specialty. The authors also discuss the 21st century expectations about nursing during unexpected disaster situations and various nursing roles related to emergency care. The article is detailed and has many links to related articles. The article says that both paid and volunteer nurses have played a huge role historically in fighting epidemics, HIV and AIDS. Later, nurses became known for their wartime services. By the middle 20th century, emergency rooms came into being. Today, emergency care has become a nursing specialty. The authors then point to the growth of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Rescue Committee. The role of the nurses in local public health emergencies is highlighted. The authors conclude that nurses have been key players during various emergency situations in the past. In the future, any kind of emergency in the community can impact the public’s health and nurses are needed for prevention, surveillance and response of every type. At the end of the 20th century, national thinking about emergency preparedness led to two important developments: identification of the key competencies needed for effective emergency response, and increased attention to planning for and practicing emergency response. The authors point out that it was necessary for nursing to identify the core abilities needed to become a part of an emergency response team and perform well. Therefore the UG nursing curriculum was adapted by the International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education (INCMCE) to assure communities that their professional nurses were competent to respond when needed. The article includes tables that list the competencies for public health workers, and the currently available emergency response competency sets applicable to nursing and the sources from which these data can be accessed in their entirety. Today, it has been recognized that there needs to be an inter-agency, interdisciplinary response, and that nearly all emergencies have potential health consequences. The authors conclude that nurses will continue to be key players in the local and national level emergency response as we move through the 21st century and that the fundamental goal of nursing, to assist individuals to their highest possible level of functioning in the face of health and illness challenges, is never more needed than under emergency conditions. The article is written in chronological sequence and is highly informative. The authors discuss present day trends in detail in the context of the terrorists attack on the World Trade Center and Hurricane Katrina. The included tables and references prove to be very useful in understanding the competency sets needed for emergency responses. This article underlines the need for competency in emergency response. This means nurses should be given better basic and continuing education and should be trained to meet such emergency situations through hospitals, public health centers, and community drills. Bibliography: Internet Sources: U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Registered Nurses. Occupational Handbook. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos083.htm AU (2006). School of Nursing: Our Philosophy. http://www.nursing.auburn.edu/about-us/our-philosophy.html Williams, Robyn (2003). ABC Radio National Broadcast: The Ethics of Nursing in the Third Reich. Adelaide Institute. Print and Journal Sources: Gebbie, K., Qureshi, K. (September 30, 2006) â€Å"A Historical Challenge: Nurses and Emergencies†OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #11 No. #3, Manuscript 1. Available: www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic31/tpc31_1.htm ANA (1994). Ethics and Human Rights Position Statements. Risk versus Responsibility in Providing Nursing Care. http://www.nursingworld.org/readroom/position/ethics/etrisk.htm ANA (2005). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. The Center for Ethics and Human Rights. http://www.ana.org/ethics/code/protected_nwcoe303.htm Neumann, Karl (2005). Are you a Good Samaritan. News Share. Nov/Dec 2005. http://www.istm.org/publications/news_share/200512/samaritan.aspx How to cite Nursing Emergencies, Essay examples

Entrepreneurial Schools of Thought-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Define Entrepreneurship and outline the major theoretical concepts in the field. Apply theoretical concepts to the entrepreneurial decision making process. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship is a process of designing and launching a new business. The person who designs and launches or in other words a person who creates the businesses is known as entrepreneurs. The report talks about the Marriott International Inc. entrepreneurial organization. The paper talks about the history of the organization and the establishment and the growth of the company along with that it includes the challenges faced by the company. There is a discussion of the entrepreneurial schools of the thought in relation to the Marriott International Inc. It consists of the emerging trends that can create an impact on the working of the company. The potential opportunities and the threats related to the growth of the company will be discussed Meaning of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the capacity and the willingness to develop, organize and manage the business venture along with the risks in order to make the profit. In simple words, an entrepreneur is a businessman whose focus is on launching and running of the business considering the high risk involved in the launching of the product (Kuratko, 2016). Entrepreneur of the company act as a leader and oversees the growth of the company. Overview of the company Marriott International Inc. was established in the year 1993 when the company was separated in the two companies. The two companies were Marriott international and the Host Marriott Corporation. Marriott Company is American multinational hospitality company that manages a broad number of the hotels and the related lodging facilities. The company was founded by the J. Willard Marriott which is currently managed by his son Bill Marriot and the CEO Arne Sorenson. History Basically, the company was founded by John Willard Marriott in the year 1927. The company opened its new first hotel Twin Bridges Marriott hotel in Virginia in the year 1957. In 1987, the company opened the first Fairfield Inn and Marriott Suites Hotels. This how the company became the first lodging company who offer a portfolio of brands (Marriott, 2017). In 1995, the Marriott was the first hotel who offered the online reservation facility to its customers. In the year 2010, company said that they are planning to add over 600 hotels by the year 2015. Establishment and the growth The company is continuously registering the growth by acquiring the companies across the world. In the year 2012, the company acquired Gaylord Hotels Brand similarly, in the year 2013- Marriott debuts MOXY HOTELS. The company showed the focus towards the design AC hotel of the Marriott imported into the America. In 2014, the company doubles its distribution in the Africa by increasing more than 23,000 rooms along with that they acquired Protea Hotels Brands. The company Acquires Delta Hotels and Resorts in the year 2015 and became the largest Full-service Hotelier in Canada. In the previous year, the company again acquired the Starwood Hotels and Resorts. The aim of the company is to create the world's largest hotel company that consists of more than 5,700 properties that offer more than 1.1million rooms across 30 brands in more than 110 countries (Marriott, 2017). Challenges faced by the company The company is facing some challenges which are creating an impact on the working of the company. First and the foremost issue is a downfall in the economic growth of U.S., the U.S. economy is showing a downfall (Salvioni, 2016). This is creating an impact on the past three quarters sales. There are 300 corporate customers which decline from 4% year over year. The second challenge is terrorism and political unrest, the international growth is a must for the company and company is planning for the expansion of approximately 285,000 rooms outside North America. The increase in the political unrest and the terrorist attacks are affecting the action plan. The merger of the company with the Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide is becoming a culture challenge for the company. The company won the bidding war for Starwood against the Chinese company Anbang, there is a risk which says that the China government can reject the merger within China. Entrepreneurial schools of thought The schools of thought are considered to be a foundation for entrepreneurial theory. This is an approach that emphasis in researchers about the successful entrepreneur. There is a presence of the macro view as well as a micro view of entrepreneurial school-of-thoughts Approach (Miles, Gilmore, Harrigan, Lewis, and Sethna, 2015). There is a description of the Entrepreneurial approaches considering the company. The displacement school of thought is one of the approaches that are related to the establishment and the growth of the company. For instance, the company faces the on the sales and revenue of the company from decline economic growth in China, and the ongoing economic turmoil in Europe (Frederick, O Connor, and Kuratko, 2013). Threats of the terrorist attract due to increase in the terrorist organizations such as ISIS. The strategic planning school of thought focuses on the planning process that helps in successful venture development. The simplest way to view strategic formulation is leveraging of unique elements. The Marriott make use of the unique markets, unique people, unique products, or unique resources that are used by the company for the effective venture formulation (Frederick, O Connor, and Kuratko, 2013). This is the reason company is acquiring the hotels and resort of different places so that they can get to know about the culture of the country and they can easily expand their business. Emerging trends The emerging trends create an impact on the growth of the company in the near future. Technology trends: - Technology creates an impact on Marriott, the reason being the use of the advanced technology. The company like Airbnb is offering the online rental services. The company allows the private individuals to rent rooms directly to the visitors. Approximately 6 million guests stayed in Airbnb properties in the year 2013. The advancement of the technology will create an impact on Marriott in the near future as well. Tourist will be able to check-in and check-out with the use of the mobile apps (Van Niekerk, 2016). Consumer trends: - There will a positive impact on the consumer on Marriott as more and more people are willing to plan for a tour across the world. According to Mashable, the number of tourist planning for the tour is continuously increasing (Bolton, and Mattila, 2015). There was a rise in the tourist by 13% between the year 2013 and 2014. The Marriott Company is expected to get the increased number of the Chinese and the Asian travelers. Economic trends: - The economic trends that will affect the working of the Marriott include the economic growth. The slow economic growth of the china and the turmoil in Europe create an impact on Marriott. The buying power of the customer is declining in Europe; the decline in the buying power will reduce the ability to travel. Exchange rate for the U.S. dollars is quite high which resist the people to visit the U.S. These factors will definitely impact the working of the company. The growing discrimination of the income group will resist the middle-class people to stay in Marriott (Soelistijo, Anjani, Pratama, Pili, and Herdyanti, 2015). Growth strategies The growth strategies that company should follow must include opportunities and threats. These strategies will help the company to increase their market share and the revenue of the company. The company is already using the acquisition growth strategy and doing well, the two strategies apart from the acquisition are stated below that shows the way to enhance the market share and the revenue of the company. Product development growth strategy can be used by the company in the future. The company should add on the additional services in the products they are offering to the customers (Christmann, 2017). The new feature will enforce the customers who are planning to travel to stay in Marriott. The company is expecting to get the crowd from the china and Europe. According to that company can add on the featured services for Chinese and European. This will enhance the companys revenue and provide the satisfaction to the customer which will lead to increase in the market share of the company. Diversification growth strategy will help the company to make use of the advanced technology that helps the company in attracting the potential customers. In diversification, a company will bring some new services that they going to introduce in the new market (Johnson, 2017). The company can compete with the service provided by the Airbnd and try to enhance the market share and revenue Conclusion The report is based on Marriott International Inc. that shows the entrepreneurial role in the company. The initial part of the report talks about the brief of the company and the challenges faced by the company. Though, Marriott is going doing company is acquiring the companies and expanding the business in the global market. There is a description about the approached in context to the entrepreneurial schools-of-thought. The approach discussed is displacement approach and the strategic planning approach. Further, there is a description of the strategies that company will use to an expansion of the business and enhance the market share along with revenue. References Bolton, L.E. and Mattila, A.S. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility affect consumer response to service failure in buyerseller relationships?. Journal of Retailing, 91(1), pp.140-153. Christmann, P., Christmann, P., Leong, J., Leong, J., Tan, M., Tan, M., Christmann, P., Christmann, P., Leong, J. and Leong, J. (2017). EAC Nutrition: Regional Expansion Strategy. Darden Business Publishing Cases, pp.1-25. Johnson, G. (2017). Exploring strategy: text and cases. Pearson. Frederick, H., O Connor, A., and Kuratko, D.F. (2013). Enterpreneurhip Theory/Practice/Process. Edition 3. Commonwealth of Australia. Kula, E. (2013). History of environmental economic thought. Routledge. Kuratko, D.F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Kuratko, D.F., Morris, M.H. and Schindehutte, M. (2015). Understanding the dynamics of entrepreneurship through framework approaches. Small Business Economics. 45(1), pp.1-13. Marriott. (2017). Meet Our Founders. Viewed on 8th October 2017, https://www.marriott.com/culture-and-values/marriott-family-history.mi Marriott. (2017). Our Story. Viewed on 8th October 2017 https://www.marriott.com/about/culture-and-values/history.mi Miles, M., Gilmore, A., Harrigan, P., Lewis, G. and Sethna, Z. (2015). Exploring entrepreneurial marketing. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 23(2), pp.94-111. Salvioni, D.M. (2016). Hotel Chains and the Sharing Economy in Global Tourism. Symphonya, (1), p.31. Soelistijo, U.W., Anjani, P.L., Pratama, H.I., Pili, H.L. and Herdyanti, M.K. (2015). Trend of Mineral Commodity Price and its Impact on the Indonesia Economy 1990-2025. Earth Sciences, 4(4), pp.129-145. Van Niekerk, M. (2016). Business, Technology, and Marketing Trends Influencing the Financial Performance of The Hotel Industry. The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, 24(2), pp.153-157

Rachels Bus Company Social Impact Model

COMMERCIAL LAW Lifting the Veil of Incorporation essay

COMMERCIAL LAW Lifting the Veil of Incorporation essay COMMERCIAL LAW: Lifting the Veil of Incorporation essay COMMERCIAL LAW: Lifting the Veil of Incorporation essayLimited Liability Company is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding inventions of mankind. Along with technological advances, it provided an opportunity for rapid economic development of our civilization over the past century and a half. Such a company, first, is a subject to law separate from its members, and, second, the parties are not liable for its obligations. The latter makes it possible to attract funds of investors into various businesses, including high-risk ones, which creates favorable conditions for the realization of all kinds of innovative projects.Unfortunately, limited liability companies are often used in bad faith, in particular, as a tool to defraud creditors. This raises the question whether it is necessary to always adamantly follow the principle of limited liability, or sometimes this principle can be omitted placing the responsibility to the creditors on the participants of the company or other responsibl e persons. It is obvious that such exceptions are sometimes quite feasible and can be realized in the frameworks of piercing the veil of incorporation doctrine. At the same time, these conditions must be sufficiently restrictive so as not to discredit the very concept of limited liability. Further in this paper, we will explain the concept of lifting corporate veil by using real life examples and show the imperativeness of its importance.Lifting the veil: law practicePerhaps for the first time the issue of lifting the corporate veil was discussed at a high judicial level in a classic case of Salomon v A. Salomon Co Ltd of 1897. The majority shareholder owned 20001 shares of the company, while his wife and children owned six more (under the law of time the company should have had at least seven shareholders). Despite the fact that the majority shareholder completely controlled the shoe factory, which eventually went bankrupt, the House of Lords, acting as a court of highest resort, denied liquidator to entrust the shareholder liable for the debts of the company. The court in this case took quite a formalistic position, stating that all the requirements of the law regarding the establishment of a limited liability company had been met, and the court had no right to add any additional requirements to them (Presser, 2012, p.24). However, development of corporate forms in global business environment led the jurisprudence to the fact that in some cases the courts recognized the need to retreat from the principle of limited liability of shareholders (participants) of the company and the company’s management bodies, as well as the liability of parent companies for the actions of their subsidiaries.The essence of the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil is in assigning responsibility of an independent legal entity to third parties. In practice, this term is used in three cases (Presser, 2012; Franklin, 2013):When the court in dealing the issue of liability of the legal entity departs from the principle of the limited liability of the founders (participants) and places the responsibility on them;When the court ignores the separateness of legal entities belonging to a holding or a group of legal entities, and, based on the principle of â€Å"single economic unit†, imposes liability of an independent legal entity on separate legal entities comprising the holding or group;When the court imposes liability on the bodies of the legal entity.However, the most difficult issue in such cases is to determine the criteria by which the company will be subject to lifting the veil. In general, basing on Presser (2012), Franklin (2013), and Nyombi (2014), in the context of civil proceedings the courts have identified at least three situations where it is appropriate to lift the corporate veil. First, if the offender is trying to hide behind the corporate facade or veil to hide one’s crime and benefits from it. Second, if the offender commi ts an act on behalf of the company, which (with the mandatory presence of guilt) constitutes a criminal offense leading to one’s conviction; in this case the corporate veil is not even lifted but rather offhandedly torn off. Third, if the transaction or commercial structures are â€Å"device†, â€Å"cloak† or â€Å"sham†, that is, an attempt to disguise the true nature of the transaction or structure to defraud third parties or courts. Thus, we can conclude that the corporate veil lifting in civil disputes is based on the criteria of â€Å"ownership and control’ and â€Å"bad faith† subject to mandatory proof.The first element is denoted by the term â€Å"dominance† and the idea is that the controlling person has the ability to fully define actions of the controlled entity. To establish the fact of control, a number of factors can be used that considered together may indicate the presence of total control feature (situation where the company is the alter ego or instrumentality of its owner), as researched by Nyombi (2014), Franklin (2013) and OECD (2001):Insufficient independence, i.e. providing a minimum ownership capital insufficient for conducting activities;Milking the company use of company’s funds for personal needs of the owner (direct payment of personal telephone calls, personal vehicles, personal purchases, expenses of relatives, etc. from the corporate accounts);Misrepresentation – distortion of facts regarding business activities, information about location, company’s assets, managerial staff, providing false addresses, nominees as the administrative body of the company;Commingling and holding out the use of joint accounts, facilities, transport and other property;Non-compliance with corporate procedures/formalities: the absence or irregular conduct of meetings of participants, absence or merely a nominal presence of directors and other employees, inobservance of recordkeeping requirements, lack of bank account or conducting corporate transactions from the owner’s account, conducting business on behalf of the company and not on behalf of the owner, submitting no reports or irregular reporting documentation to the public and other authorities;Non-payment of dividends, non-distribution of profits;Using the company to pay the debts of other companies or those of the owner.The main criteria for the recognition of a company as the shareholder’s agent were established in 1939 in the case of Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (BC wanted to compulsorily acquire the land owned by SSK’s subsidiary Birmingham Waste Co Ltd, and parties disputed the compensation directly to Smith, Stone Knight Ltd, cited in Presser (2012, p.65), which included the following noticeable ones (Presser, 2012, p.69):Profit of the company is considered as the profit of the shareholder;Shareholder appoints the persons carrying out activities on behalf of the company;Shareholder is the brain center of the company;Shareholder has permanent control over the company’s business;Turning to more modern precedents, we should remember the case of DHN Food Distributors v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council of 1976, though it was not quite usual in the sense that the very controlling entity of the company demanded to lift the corporate veil (Presser, 2012, p. 93). Thus, the parent company wanted to take the place of the subsidiary it controlled. In this case, a plot of land in London formally owned by the company belonging to DHN-holding group that owned a grocery store was subject to the mandatory buyout for public use. DHN store warehouse was located on the buy-out land, and by the agreement with the affiliate DHN enjoyed the right perpetual lease of land. Its withdrawal led to the cessation of DHN business, and it could claim for damages if it owned the plot. DHN applied to the court for the corporate veil lifting, referring to the fact that it completely controlled its subsidiary. Namely, (1) it participated in the affiliate’s capital by 100%, (2) directors were the same people, and (3) the affiliate was used by the holding exceptionally to own the land and did not conduct any independent activity. The Court agreed with the arguments of the plaintiff and lifted the corporate veil, allowing DHN receive compensation for withdrawal of the land instead of the subsidiary.In all cases of principal-agent relationship between the company and its shareholder, the company actually lost its independence, which gave courts the grounds for departing from the principle of Solomon. At the same time, ownership and control are not sufficient criteria to lift the corporate veil. The court cannot lift the veil only because, in its opinion, it meets the interests of justice, but the corporate veil should be lifted if the case also involves impropriety, abuse of rights, deception or offense (Anderson, 2012, p. 133). As ex plained by OECD Taxation (2001, p.39), the essence of this criterion is that the controlled entity is used by the controlling person to the detriment of a third party and at the same time as the tool to escape from responsibility of the controlling person itself. In this situation, the case goes about using the corporate structure of the company as a facade to conceal the facts.For example, in Jones v Lipman (1962) (cited in Franklin, 2013, p.10), the defendant made a commitment by the contract to sell the land to the plaintiff, after which the one decided not to carry out the sale, set up a company being its shareholder and director, passed the land to its possession and refused to execute the contract with the plaintiff. Respondent filed suit for specific performance. The court obliged the director of the established company, and the company itself which was the creation of the controlling director, tool and veil, the mask which he held in front of his face to become invisible to the law of justice. Furthermore, in Adams v CapeIndustries (1990), it was found that there is no general principle according to which a group of companies should be regarded as one person (Anderson, 2012, p. 134). Thus, in Polly Peck International Plc (1996) it was found that a subsidiary being a financial mechanism created with the sole purpose of obtaining a loan should not have been considered part of the holding company (respectively, holding’s responsibility was not attached), even despite the fact that lenders issuing the loan, obviously, gave the money based on the trust to the latter (Presser, 2012, p.111). The precedent for further monitoring of offshore companies and for the recovery of lost revenue due to the activities of their owners was also created y the case of Antonio Gramsci v Stepanovs (2011) (Anderson, 2012, p. 135).Thus, in case of the presence of dominant control and impropriety related to the use of corporate structure to avoid or conceal liability, cor porate veil should be lifted in order to prevent corporate fraudulent activities and avoidance of executing contractual or other legal obligations. At the same time, shareholders may be accepted as personally liable if their illegal purposes or deliberate concealment of the true state of affairs is proved.ConclusionUnder current law, a legal entity is separate, individual and independent from its founders, having the ability to own property, to enter into commitments, and sue and be sued. An immanent feature of the legal entity’s independent nature is the limited liability of its founders: they are not liable for the obligations of the legal entity, that is, they are behind its veil. Development and complication of civil turnover led to the need to develop a list of exceptions to this principle, mainly to counteract the abuse of this right. â€Å"Lifting the veil† doctrine is included today in the corporate law of many countries aimed at providing diligent and proper e xercise of civil rights and civic duties.Piercing the corporate veil is an instrument for balancing the interests of the companies’ members (shareholders) and the interests of creditors, and is valid to uncover the ultimate beneficiary and fulfill the rights of creditors, if the entity is created only for the use of participants’ limited liability in terms of debts, which is particularly evident in activities of â€Å"one person† companies. In our opinion, despite the existing differences in interpretation, the institution should be used not to destruct the limited liability, but to prevent the unlimited one. In particular, it makes sense to consider the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil in the overall context of the fight against abuse of corporate relations, as well as a kind of addition to the norms of the written law, stipulating that under certain circumstances company participants can be deprived of their privilege of limited liability.

Comparison of two works in Museum of Modern Art Term Paper

Comparison of two works in Museum of Modern Art - Term Paper Example The paper "Comparison of two works in Museum of Modern Art" compares Fernand Leger’s "Woman With a Book" with Meret Oppenheim’s "Red Head, Blue Body". Painters use the techniques they employ in their paintings and the features of the society they portray in the same. The discussion below therefore analyses features of two paintings developed in different times with the painters employing particular techniques in ensuring the efficacy of the artifacts. Woman With a Book painted by Fernand Leger in 1923 and Red Head, Blue Body painted by Meret Oppenheim in 1936 have fundamental differences and similarities that help portray the social, cultural and technological development in the art within the decade that separates them as the discussion below portrays. Just as the name suggests, Woman With a Book, is an artistic oil on canvas painting of a woman holding a book. The painting depicts the painter’s artistic intuition and urge to create a new style in painting there by debuting the mechanical age. In the painting, Fernand Leger portrays his artistic skills as he employs particular elements in developing the painting. He employs such elements as appropriate shapes and colors thereby developing effective foreground, middle ground and background in his artifacts. These enhance his communication as he envisioned the final artifact. The choice to use oil on canvas is appropriate, as it has contributed to the longevity of the painting in the museum. Oil on canvas was a major discovery in the early years of art.

The Global Governance of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Global Governance of the Internet - Essay Example Above all, the Internet offers global presence. ‘Everywhereness’ is possibly the distinguishing feature of the dynamism of the Internet. Geography is an irrelevant matter for Internet users; hence, regulating the Internet has legal and jurisdictional dilemmas. Moreover, no particular nation or body has power over the Internet. Without a doubt, this dispersed nature has been one of the paramount attributes of Internet dynamism, but it also has raised serious problems. Favourably, Internet dynamism have led to a spectacular outburst of human innovation in terms of new consumer prospects and choices, new commercial channels, and new global information and communication systems. But, unfavourably, the dynamism of the Internet has compounded any effort to regulate it, hold cybercriminals responsible, and resolve conflicts (Mueller, 2010, pp. 175-176). This condition where in a responsible entity or cybercriminal is unknown expresses itself in everyday occurrences: online iden tity theft, e-mail spam, network viruses, etc. Making matters more complicated is the fact that several nations and jurisdictions also seek someone to be held responsible when their legal principles or societal standards are violated (Thierer & Crews, 2003, p. 16). New, innovative technologies can pose problems for policymakers, who often try to control new technologies that they have little knowledge about. The Internet has been particularly challenging for local and global policymakers because its affordability, accessibility, and inclusiveness helped its popularity to flourish at an unparalleled speed. Unfortunately, the Internet is almost impossible to regulate or control because it is not owned by anybody, and hence anyone can use, or abuse, it from anywhere in the world. Even when an unidentified person does something other people believe to be offensive—like downloading and sharing copyrighted video or music files or posting pornography—it is very difficult to i dentify the wrongdoer. Thus policymakers have been trying to develop regulations and policies for the Internet in order to identify and prevent cybercrimes or illegal activities on the Internet, like pornography and gambling. In other words, these policymakers are trying to mitigate the adverse outcomes of Internet dynamism. It is the contention of this essay that global rules for the Internet would not undermine its dynamism; in fact, global rule will safeguard and reinforce it. The Need to Regulate the Internet The dynamism of the Internet, which in turn spawned commercialisation, popularity, and ubiquity of the cyberspace, has resulted in some common social dilemmas and conflicts in the Internet. The illegal downloading of video and music files, the proliferation of corrupted forms of speech, and the disintegration of privacy are some of the examples of these dilemmas. Simultaneously, e-commerce merchants have been violated by hackers (Schwabach, 2006, p. 309). It is immature to believe that the best solution can be social rules, the market, or the law alone. The complicated problems raised by the Internet can only be solved through the combination of the market, social rules, and the law. Even though there is a certain extent of controversy on how to regulate the Internet, nobody disputes the importance of some form of global rule and technical management. Regardless of opposition to regulatory supervision, the Internet cannot endure with the absence of this global rule. There should be regulatory entities that take care of usual and everyday technical issues like the supervision of IP addresses and domain names and the establishment of technical norms (Mueller, 1998, p. 93). Two main policy organisations that offer Internet governance are the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),

Water Treatment at Boston Beers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Water Treatment at Boston Beers - Essay Example The reporter declares that "I feel the company should preserve the surroundings by ensuring that water released into the environment following manufacturing is fully treated, which is a low-cost program for Boston Beers and will reduce water pollution. The following is a discussion on its benefits to the community and the company. Resources such as clean water and air are getting more elusive daily, both in the community, we operate within and in the world over. In Boston, Massachusetts, one of the major problems faced is water pollution. Some members of the public continue to raise concerns over the frequent pollution of their primary water sources that they use as sources of drinking water, domestic consumption, and industrial uses, among other things. Often, members of the public have articulated that unclean water infiltrates their water lines, causing the water supplied to be unusable, especially domestically. In a study conducted by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, it was discovered that the water pollution in the Boston area went as high as 35.71% on the pollution index. The study was based on water collected from beaches, rivers and residential areas. The beach water was voted most polluted owing to the quantity of chemical effluent discovered on testing the samples collected from them. Apart from chemicals, the water consisted of other wastes such as plastics and sewage. This has raised major concerns over the measures taken by the relevant parties in ensuring access to clean and usable water in the community. Boston Beers Company has a role to play in ensuring a reduction in the level of water pollution in the environs of the company. The company is not solely to blame for water pollution. Even so, there are several reasons as to why the Boston Beers ought to be at the front line in making efforts to reduce water pollution."

Benefits of Seaweed Enhancement for Crop Growth

Benefits of Seaweed Enhancement for Crop Growth CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background Soil enhancement with organic materials is a common component of soil fertility management for crop production, with the aim of providing essential plant nutrients and improving overall soil physical, chemical, and biological quality (Diacano and Montemurro, 2010). Marine macro-algae, or seaweed, has been historically used as a soil enhancement material, and may have application for modern agriculture as a low cost source of nutrient-rich biomass (Angus and Dargie, 2002; Cuomo et al., 1995). While seaweed compost and extract products have been widely evaluated for agricultural applications (Woznitza and Barrantes, 2005; Khan et al., 2010), evaluation of unprocessed seaweed biomass as an enhancement material is limited, particularly with regard to soil quality. Application of seaweed material may uniquely affect soil quality parameters as a result of its chemical characteristics, including carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) composition, and salt, sulfur (S), heavy metal, and trace element co ntent. In this study, the putative benefits of seaweed enhancement for crop growth and production were assessed on various crops in field experiment, including analysis of soil physical, biological, and chemical properties. 1.2 Historical use of seaweed in agriculture. In coastal regions, collection and application of seaweed is a traditional soil fertility management strategy, especially where agriculture relies on use of local resources (Cuomo et al., 1995). As a readily-available, low-cost material to supplement soil fertility, application of seaweed biomass is often an integral component of traditional, small-scale, diversified agriculture (Angus and Dargie, 2002). For instance, agriculture in the Machair region of the Scottish Outer Hebrides Islands involves a rotation-intensive system that integrates the application of locally available seaweed biomass (Angus and Dargie, 2002; Kent et al. 2003). Traditional agriculture of the Machair, practiced for at least 1,000 years before present (YBP), relies on a â€Å"crofting† system that generally includes an intensive rotation of livestock grazing, field crop cultivation, and two years of fallow, with hypothesized effects on soil biodiversity (Angus and Dargie, 2002; Vink et al., 2009). Soil fertility is still largely maintained by the traditional practice of application of manure and seaweed, primarily the brown alga Laminaria digitata (Angus and Dargie, 2002), which is collected and piled onshore for 1-2 weeks prior to application. Promotion of seaweed application as a part of sustaining small-scale, diversified agriculture is supported by Scottish Natural Heritage, a governmental conservation organization, as well as local conservation group efforts (Angus and Dargie, 2002).In addition to the Machair region, historical accounts of seaweed use in agriculture range from the British Isles, to coastal mainland Europe, to the northeastern region of the United States, including New York, Maine, and Rhode Island (Fussel, 1973; Smith et al., 1989; Cuomo et al., 1995). For example, prior to the adoption of synthetic fertilizer, potato production in Rhode Island incorporated seaweed collection as a means of maintaining soil fertility, including for agricultural research at the University of Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station (R. Casagrande, personal communication). Seaweed in the modern agricultural context In organic or reduced-input cropping systems, both in the U.S. and worldwide, seaweed-based agricultural products (e.g. extracts for foliar application and composts) are commonly employed (Khan et al., 2009). However, application of unprocessed biomass is less prevalent. To reduce dependence on application of inorganic fertilizers, make use of an abundant (sometimes over-abundant) resource, and improve soil quality, the traditional practice of seaweed application may have modern application in coastal regions. Because adding seaweed to soil can increase plant macro and micronutrients, and may improve soil biological, chemical and physical properties (Khan et al., 2009), the practice may be an additional strategy to manage soil fertility and quality that addresses the dual problems of reliance on inorganic chemical fertilization and wasting o f valuable, nutrient-rich biomass. Inorganic fertilizer inputs account for a large fraction of conventional farm expenses, energy consumption, and carbon emissions (Lal, 2004). Application of inorganic fertilizers without addition of organic enhancements, cover crop use, or use of alternative tillage practices can result in depletion of soil organic matter (SOM), with concomitant negative effects on many soil properties important for crop productivity (e.g. nutrient retention, moisture-holding capacity, aggregate formation, and microbial activity) (Brock et al., 2012; Franzluebbers, 2012). Furthermore, levels of nutrient elements other than N, P, and K (e.g. Ca, Mg, Mo, B, and S) are generally low in inorganic fertilizers, and are of increasing concern for crop quality and nutritional value (Welch and Graham, 2012). Consequently, reliance on inorganic fertilizer as a sole source of fertility is often questioned as a sustainable management strategy, and 4diversification of inputs is encouraged, particularly inputs that provide not only primary nutrients (i.e. N, P and K), but also organic matter and trace elements (Lal, 2004). Organic enhancements used to improve soil fertility include traditional (e.g. animal manure) and non-traditional (e.g. industrial by-products) materials (Power et al., 2000). Seaweed, which contains primary nutrients, organic C, and other nutrient elements, is thus a good candidate organic enhancement material as part of a diversified soil fertility management strategy. In addition to the potential crop nutrition benefits of seaweed enhancement, the prevalence of seaweed biomass in coastal areas as a result of both natural phenomena and anthropogenic impacts may allow for use of seaweed with minimal cost. Nutrient (N and P) enrichment of coastal waters – sometimes attributed to fertilizer runoff from agriculture and home use – can cause excessive seaweed growth (Morand and Merceron, 2005). In addition to detrimental ecological impacts (e.g. oxygen depletion), the accumulation of seaweed biomass on beaches can have negative economic consequences (RI DEM, 2010). For instance, in the summer of 2012,  accumulation of the red seaweed Polysiphonia sp. on Massachusetts beaches required mechanical removal and disposal in order to maintain beaches for public use, costing money for equipment use and labor, as well as preventing beach use. Beach-cast biomass is often removed and disposed of in landfills. Although the species composition and pro perties of beach-cast seaweed varies based on location and environment (e.g. estuarine vs. marine), the coordination of accumulated seaweed biomass removal with agricultural application may provide a low-cost, locallyavailable resource for soil fertility management. To initiate this arrangement for 5 coastal regions, characterization of seaweed biomass in terms of location and abundance, species composition, and chemical characteristics relevant to soil quality and plant nutrition is required. Additionally, quantification of seaweed biomass effects on soil quality and crop production is required to validate putative benefits or negative effects of seaweed enhancement practices 1.2.3 Scope Marine algae is estimated to contribute about 70 % to 80 % of earth’s atmospheric oxygen, amounting to about 330 billion tonnes of oxygen per year (Hall, 2008). This is an indication of how important algae are to the environment. Algae are simple, autotrophic organisms that are either microscopic or macroscopic. Specifically, seaweeds are macroscopic algae that thrive in benthic marine waters. Just like terrestrial plants, these groups of multicellular organisms are autotrophic and thus have the ability to carry out photosynthesis. However, they do not posses several distinct organs such as true leaves, roots, flowers and seeds that typify terrestrial plants (Sumich Morrissey, 2004). There are roughly 10000 different species of seaweeds recorded. Generally, seaweeds can be divided into three groups, namely Rhodophyceae (6000 species), Chlorophyceae (2000 species) and Phaeophyceae (2000 species) based on their colour pigment (Guiry Guiry, 2011). The genus being studied,  Sar gassum, belongs to the group Phaeophyceae, which obtains its distinctive brown colour from the xantophyll pigment of fucoxanthin. Cell walls of these algae are mainly composed of cellulose and alginic acid, a valuable component that adds commercial value to Sargassum species. In Asia, seaweeds are commonly used as fertilizers and as food for both humans and animals. Trono (1999), McHugh (2003) and Phang (2006) are among the many authors who have listed down the beneficial usages of seaweeds which include Sargassum as raw products for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.

Putting a Face on Freedom :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Putting a Face on Freedom What is Freedom? Freedom in and of itself defies definition since its very essence and parameters can be shown only with its constraints and limitations. If one state of being is unable to stand on its own merits and must rely on another to have structure, can it never truly be â€Å"free.† Therein lies the irony: freedom is forever encapsulated by its limitations, regardless of its range. Without evident barriers, it could not exist. If it is within barriers, can it truly exist? This paper will discuss the existence of freedom and several of its forms. Although much sought after, gaining freedom usually involves strife and war. With the splitting of the Catholic Church in the Reformation, many restraints on science, religion and education vanish, causing a rebirth of knowledge and philosophical thought. Although fragmented, the Catholic Church is by no means vanquished, so inevitable conflicts arise. The conflicts are not confined to the battlefield, though, they occur more often than not in the form of books and documents. With wars, famine and social upheaval accompanying the Reformation, men sometimes lament the passing of the former system (a unified Church) which, though imperfect, at least provides some stability. Thomas More, a critic of King Henry VIII, cleverly disguises his criticisms in his literature. He writes about a tightly regulated society, Utopia, where there are no social strata and people of all religious persuasions can live harmoniously with one another, to freely practice their religions without fear of reproach. Though there seems to be an abundance of freedom, including religious, there are a few hitches—such as having to obtain permission from your father and wife before exploring the countryside, wearing the same clothing as everyone else, having no possibility for social advancement and compulsory theism (your choice of deities, however): â€Å"†¦he (Utopus) made a solemn and severe law against such as should†¦think that our souls died with our bodies, o r that the world was governed by chance, without a wise overruling Providence† (More, p. 747). More’s Utopia offers freedoms some might cherish, but others would find it unbearably restrictive. Even those of a religious bent might have looked askance at Utopia’s forced theism policy. Is it freedom? Some might think so if they believed freedom of religion didn’t include freedom from religion.

Competitive strategy of wine industry Essay

The wine may appear to be a simple drink with limited variation available, has turned into a multibillion dollar a year industry with enormous variation and an increasingly sophisticated consumer base. The variation available and changes in the age groups who are becoming the major markets for wine producers have created visible market trends that cannot be ignored. These trends also affect the global market. Focusing on market scale and branding expertise, these opponents have capitalized on the globalization of the wine industry. Recently, more and more wine production is taking place in â€Å"New World† regions such as parts of Australia, Chile, and the United States, which have gained a strong comparative advantage in the wine industry. Another problem is that some wine firm (usually French or Italian) are not capable to satisfy the demand of country such as China which has a huge population and even if the people who drink wine are not a lot the level of wine consumption is increasing and as a consequence the amount of export is growing as the graph below shows. Source: All material  ©2010 – 2012 Twisted Pine Productions. Imports of bottled wine in China increased by 94% year-on-year (y-o-y) to US$1. 27bn in 2011, according to data provided by the China Culture Association of Poetry and Wine (CCAPW). According to CCAPW, the total volume of imported wine climbed 76. 5% y-o-y in 2010, while it increased by 80. 9% y-oy in 2011. CCAPW also revealed that sales of domestically produced wine grew 36. 3% y-o-y to CNY34. 2bn (US$5. 4bn) in 2011. Wine continues to be dominated by domestic brands, and although imports from major producing nations such as France have grown, they remain beyond reach in price terms for all but the most affluent of Chinese consumers. As a consequence of these barriers, winemakers from leading winemaking countries have entered the Chinese market via joint ventures, providing expertise and advice to local vineyards, thus finding a means of capitalising on this growing market. It’s very important distinguish the industry of wine in 2 main category: Small producer: who has high prices, low level of competitors but low production capacity; focused on niche Big producer: who has medium/low prices, more competitors and high production capacity; focused on economies of scale Rivalry Barriers to Entry: The wine industry represents substantial barriers to entry. The most significant of these barriers is the price of land. Prices of land for vineyards has risen sharply. Along with the initial investment in land, there is a large capital investment in equipment. There are requirements for processing facilities and for storage facilities of large barrels of wine. Time is also against the new comer to the wine industry. It will often take years of aging before a wine can be brought to market making the return on investment very slow. Degree of Rivalry: The wine industry is an industry with many competitors. A high number of competitors suggest that price competition is very high. Along with the high number of competitors, there is also substantial consolidation of larger brands. Companies such as Foster Brands, Constellation, and Gallos have been purchasing smaller wineries and often have brand portfolios with as many as one hundred plus wine brands in the portfolio. These larger producers are using their power to push smaller manufacturers off the shelves. Power of Buyers: Buyers in the wine industry can be grouped into two categories, distributors and retailers. The distributor market has undergone intense consolidation with the five largest liquor distributors having over thirty percent of the market. The retailers also have a great deal of power over producers. The two largest wine retailers are Costco (with 10%) and Wal-Mart (with 9%). Threat of Substitutes: Brand loyalty is depend of the country, there are some countries accustomed to the use of wine which have acquired expertise allowing to learn about wine and to be loyal to a certain producer. Though there are other customers, such as Americans which has not the knowledge of the product that may be loyal to a certain product such as a merlot, they do not care who makes it. Supplier Power: There are several suppliers. One supplier is the vineyards. These vineyards lack power, the global market has been flooded with grapes from California, Australia, and several other countries. With all of these pressures, there is very high competition and low power of suppliers. Other suppliers such as bottlers are also easily substituted so they lack significant buying power. Conclusion regarding rivalry: The problem with the wine industry is the consolidation of distributors and buyers. With so much power in the hands of buyers, a winery needs to be large so that they cannot be pushed around by the buyers. This is why many small wineries have consolidated; they need to be larger to gain bargaining power. key success factors in the wine industry BEING DIFFERENT J. Lapsley and K. Moulton [2001] explain in their book â€Å"Successful Wine Marketing† how crucial it is that wine products seek a real identity. An appellation’s success is based on its ancestral and rigorous attributes, and of course, on the grower’s competence. A newer approach consists of developing branded wines and assuming that a brand conveys a particular identity derived from its specific competitive positioning and astute advertising. SEGMENTING THE MARKET The advantage of having real market segmentation is that consumers can be grouped homogeneously. This helps to improve the efficiency of any commercial actions undertaken. McKinna [1987] showed that wine consumers could be classified into four main market segments: connoisseurs (25%), students (51%), new consumers (10%), and bulk consumers who drink wine served in boxes, etc. (14%). These averages may cover significant national variations. The market breakdown will vary depending on whether the country in questions is â€Å"Old World† and accustomed to well established benchmarks like appellations, or â€Å"New World† and more spontaneously interested in specific branded wines or grape varieties. MOVING CLOSER TO THE MARKET Mudill, Riding, Georges and Haines [2003] have highlighted distribution channel concentration as the key variable in the world wine market. Like wine producers, actors in these channels have engaged in countless mergers and acquisitions in their attempts to gain more power vis-a-vis the major retailers and to shorten the logistics chain. In many sectors of activity, value added has steadily moved downstream, benefiting retailers instead of entrepreneurs who are in the process far upstream. This has triggered a merger-mania with companies trying to move as close as possible to the end user by eliminating intermediaries. FINDING A DIFFERENT WAY TO COMMUNICATE It is known that amongst the various marketing mix tools available to wine sector product managers, communications [advertising] plays a role that is clearly important. Furthermore, although one of communication’s main goal is to attract new (and often young) consumers. The Internet can help sponsors here by providing an additional vehicle for media communications. Kehoe and Pitkow [1996] have clearly shown that the Web targets a mainly male population that is relatively young, influential, and which enjoys above-average education. Their E-commerce has increase sales by 11% in the year 2011. Conclusion To achieve a good ranking in the wine industry it is necessary to analyze the own product, the global market and figure out what yours goals and objectives are. After having settled this, follows the development of an international strategy. Srategy suitable for the wine industry In the wine industry, the used strategies change depending the dimension of the companies. In the small company is recommended use the home replication strategy, selling the same products in both domestic and foreign markets, having a strong name and characteristic to loyalty a specific consumers grouped in a niche. Instead in the big companies is recommended penetrate the market using a transnational or even global strategy since rivals are the same in most country markets so there is a strong competitiveness that has to be attacked by low costs and global standardization strategy. MARCO SIMONINI

A Profile of Photographer Zana Briski, Director of Born Into Brothels

A Profile of Photographer Zana Briski, Director of Born Into Brothels In the late 1990s, Zana Briski, a London-born Cambridge University theology student turned photographer, ventured to India to document, as she puts it, the particular hells that women can go through - sex selective abortion, dowry deaths, the treatment of widows, child marriages. It was never her intention, she says, to photograph prostitutes - until, that is, she was introduced to Sonagachi, the red light district of Calcutta. When I entered the red-light district I had a very strong feeling of recognition and I knew that this was why I had come to India, she says in an e-mail interview. I spent two years gaining access - it took me that long to be offered a room in a brothel so I could live there. I photographed the women when conditions allowed and spent day after day just hanging around, watching, listening. Fate took yet another turn when Briski began interacting with the children of the prostitutes. I would play with the children and let them use my camera. They wanted to learn photography - that was their idea not mine. So I bought point-and-shoot film cameras and chose several kids who were most eager and committed and started to teach them in formal classes, she says. From the very first class, she adds, I knew something special was happening and that I needed to film what was going on. I had never picked up a video camera before, but I bought one and started filming as I was teaching the kids and living in the brothel. Eventually Briski persuaded her friend, filmmaker Ross Kauffman, to join her in India. Over the next two years the pair documented Briskis efforts not just to teach the children photography, but to get them into good schools where they might have a chance at a more hopeful future. The result was Born Into Brothels, a gritty and poignant account of Briskis time with the red-light kids of Calcutta, as they came to be known. At turns joyous and heartbreaking, the film focuses on eight of the kids in particular, including Kochi, a painfully shy girl who almost certainly faces a life in prostitution unless she can escape the poverty and despair of Sonagachi and gain admission to a boarding school; and Avijit, the most gifted of Briskis students who nonetheless nearly gives up on photography after his mother is murdered. With the kind of eloquence that comes only from children, Avijit tells an interviewer early in the film, there is nothing called hope in my future. Shot on a shoestring budget, in a setting light years from Hollywood, Brothels might have languished in obscurity. But the film not only garnered raves from critics; it won the 2004 Academy Award for best documentary feature. Meanwhile, a book of the childrens photos was published and Briski set up a foundation, Kids With Cameras, to help pay for their schooling. Sadly, fairy-tale endings are all-too rare. Even with funding and encouragement not all of the red light kids, now young adults, have fared well in the intervening years. Briski confirmed a BBC report that one of the girls featured in the film later became a prostitute. She did so by choice and I respect her choice, Briski says. I dont consider that a failure or a shame. I trust she knows what is best for her. But many of the other children did go on to school in India, some even in the United States. Briski said Kochi studied at a prestigious school in Utah for several years before returning to India to finish her education. And recently Avijit, the child prodigy in Brothels, graduated from NYUs film school. Amazing, Briski says. I am so proud of him and all he has accomplished. Most people, having won an Oscar for their very first film, might be expected to continue on that path. But Briski felt pulled to return to her first love, photography, and a project called Reverence, in which she photographs insects around the world. Asked why she chose not to continue with filmmaking, Briski, 45, says even after winning an Oscar I do not consider myself to be a documentary filmmaker or a journalist. I move through the world in an open way and I respond to what is around me. Born Into Brothels and Kids With Cameras were not planned in any way. They were a response to what I discovered in the world. Photography is my medium, she adds. I am a traditional black-and-white photographer and I still shoot film and work in the darkroom. Reverence, Briski says, came to her through dreams of a praying mantis. The experience was so strong that I had to pay attention. Strange praying mantis coincidences would happen and I began to follow the clues - clues that have taken her to 18 countries to photograph and film mantids and other insects over the past seven years. Currently shes photographing jaguars in Brazil. If all goes as planned, the culmination of Briskis work will be a traveling museum with large-scale photographs, film and music. The project, which Briski hopes to open when she receives enough funding, is about respect of all life forms and changing our point of view. Not so different, she adds, from what I did in the brothels - bringing attention to those who are feared, ignored, abused, from their point of view.

Handwriting v Typing Essay Example

Handwriting v Typing Essay Example Handwriting v Typing Essay Handwriting v Typing Essay Handwriting v Typing BY titus2211 The process of reading and writing involves a number of senses, she explains. When writing by hand, our brain receives feedback from our motor actions, together with the sensation of touching a pencil and paper. These kinds of feedback is significantly different from those we receive when touching and typing on a keyboard. Learning by doing Together with neurophysiologist Jean-Luc Velay at the University of Marseille, Anne Mangen has written an article published in the Advances in Haptics periodical. They have examined research which goes a long way in confirming the significance of hese differences. An experiment carried out by Velays research team in Marseille establishes that different parts of the brain are activated when we read letters we have learned by handwriting, from those activated when we recognise letters we have learned through typing on a keyboard. When writing by hand, the movements involved leave a motor memory in the sensorimotor part of the brain, which helps us recognise letters. This implies a connection between reading and writing, and suggests that the sensorimotor system plays a role in the process of visual recognition during reading, Mangen explains. Other experiments suggest that the brains Brocas area is discernibly more activated when we are read a verb which is linked to a physical activity, compared with being read an abstract verb or a verb not associated with any action. This also happens when you observe someone doing something. You dont have to do anything yourself. Hearing about or watching some activity is often enough. It may even suffice to observe a familiar tool associated with a particular physical activity, Mangen says. Since writing by hand takes longer than typing on a keyboard, the temporal aspect may also influence the learning process, she adds. : The term haptic refers to the process of touching and the way in which we communicate by touch, particularly by using our fingers and hands to explore our surroundings. Haptics include both our perceptions when we relate passively to our surroundings, and when we move and act. A lack of focus There is a lot of research on haptics in relation to computer games, in which for instance vibrating hand controls are employed. According to Mangen, virtual drills with sound and vibration are used for training dentists. But there has been very little effort to include haptics within the humanistic disciplines, she explains. In educational science, there is scant interest in the ergonomics of reading and writing, and its potential significance in the learning process. Mangen refers to an experiment involving two groups of adults, in which the participants were assigned the task of having to learn to write in an unknown alphabet, consisting of approximately twenty letters. One group was taught to write by hand, while the other was using a keyboard. Three and six weeks into the experiment, the participants recollection of these letters, as well as their rapidity in distinguishing right and reversed letters, were tested. Those who had learned the letters by handwriting came out best in all tests. Furthermore, fMRI brain scans indicated an activation of the Brocas area within this group. Among those who had learned by typing on keyboards, there was little or no activation of this area. The sensorimotor component with learning difficulties. But there is little awareness and understanding of the importance of handwriting to the learning process, beyond that of writing itself, Mangen says. She refers to pedagogical research on writing, which has moved from a cognitive approach to a focus on contextual, social and cultural relations. In her opinion, a one-sided focus on context may lead to neglect of the individual, physiological, sensorimotor and phenomenological connections. Interdisciplinary collaboration Within the field of psychology, there is an awareness of the danger of paying too much attention on mentality. According to Mangen, perception and sensorimotor now play a more prominent role. Our bodies are designed to interact with the world which surrounds us. We are living creatures, geared toward using physical objects be it a book, a keyboard or a pen to perform certain tasks, she says. Being a media nd reading researcher, Anne Mangen is a rare bird within her field of study. And she is very enthusiastic about her collaboration with a neurophysiologist. We combine very different disciplines. Velay has carried out some very exciting experiments on the difference between handwriting and the use of keyboards, from a neurophysiologic perspective. My contribution centres on how we as humans with bodies and brains experience the writing process, through using different technologies in different ways. And how these technologies interfaces influence our experience, she concludes.

Market Competition Timing and Risks while entering or exiting a market Essay

Market Competition Timing and Risks while entering or exiting a market - Essay Example The researcher states that for example, Amazon.com started its business as an online bookshop but as gradually the demand for the grocery items had increased, Amazon.com adhering to that demand and started its first online grocery shop. As we see in the case of Monopoly where there are no competitors and therefore firms set a price to maximize profit and gain the first mover advantage. Whereas in a perfect competition there are no entry and exit barriers so the role of time in deciding the entrance or exit from the market is minimal and perfectly competitive firms are free to enter and exit an Industry and so in the case of Monopolistic competition in which there is a relative freedom of entry and exit out of industry but a difference between those two terms is that in Monopolistic competition the firms are not ‘perfectly’ mobile but they remain unrestricted by any government rules and regulations, start-up costs or any substantial barrier to entry which is the total opp osite of Oligopoly in which there are significant barriers to entry where time plays a major role in determining the entry and exit from the market. A firm has to evaluate several factors in order to determine the risks of new entrants and the reasons to exit a market which include â€Å"economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, access to distribution channels, cost disadvantages independent of scale and government policies†... The term Economies of scale refers to increase the production of a commodity due to which the per-unit cost is of a commodity is reduced. This will create a risk for the new entrant firms in a sense that they would have to produce a larger quantity at a lower price. Economies of scale encourage the firms to exit the market that cannot produce the required quantity and it deters the smaller firms from entering into the market. These bigger firms forces the new entrants to either come in on a large scale or to accept a cost disadvantage (Porter, 1979). Product differentiation is a risk for entering into the market because it requires incurring expenditure and great deal of money to make the product differentiate among its competitors. Another type of risk is capital requirement where new entrants are required to invest larger amounts to compete efficiently in an industry; particularly if the capital is required for the research and development. The initial cost to operate can be so lar ge that it restricts all but the larger firms. The capital is not only required for fixed facilities but also for the inventories and absorbing start-up losses. While bigger firms have the financial resources to tap any industry but the huge capital investments in industries such as mineral extraction and computer manufacturing has major risks and limits the pool of entrants. Even the big firms do compete in this trio there is still no guarantee for success. Access to distribution channel is another type of risk in which a firm needs to obtain distribution for the channel and the distributors are not likely to deliver the product until they are paid good incentives and that will lead to profit reduction for the firm. For example, a new food product enters

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Ethics - Essay Example As a future executive leader, I found the results of these assessments to be both enlightening and offered as proverbial food for thought on how this researcher can best reach his goal of professional success. The concept of psychometric testing is a field of study which measures skills, personality traits, and abilities of an individual in order to determine the theoretical behaviors that a test subject reveals in areas of career and personal lifestyle. Based on the results of this psychometric data, the Personal Career Development Profile (PCDP) offers insights into how an individual copes with stressful situations, interacts with others during career and personal situations, and sets a potential career direction in which a person may excel. The PCDP results consist of a narrative, again based on the results of personality testing mechanisms, which offer insight toward a trend of behaviors that a person might exhibit; so as to offer personal understanding of where an individuals strengths and weaknesses lie in terms of career and professional development. In similar respect, the 16 PF testing instrument is designed to assess a set of personality characteristics within the individual being tested in an attempt to pinpoint the degree to which a person exhibits a pattern of behaviors – such as relaxed versus tense or concrete thinker versus abstract/conceptual thinker. The 16 PF offers a scale of 1 (being lowest) to 10 (being highest) to measure the degree in which a person might lean when determining potential career direction; or to offer insight into areas that the individual might need to improve upon. For instance, the test subjects goal may be to secure an executive-level position within a major corporation. This goal, undoubtedly, will require substantial leadership skills in terms of maintaining an authoritarian personality. The results of the 16 PF study measures, as one example, the